Shields from across Australia show great diversity in form, design and meaning. Their shapes, materials and decorations varied between regions, reflecting local environments and cultural traditions. In the rainforests of Queensland, broad shields were carved from the buttress roots of fig trees and painted with bold totemic designs in natural pigments. In contrast, the smaller wunda shields of Western Australia were finely crafted and decorated with incised geometric patterns. In the south east, narrow hardwood shields were engraved with complex designs such as zigzags, chevrons, circles and spirals. These patterns often represented rivers, pathways or ancestral stories, linking the shield to Country and to the people who made and used it.
Making a shield required great skill and time. The process was highly valued, as the finished object carried both practical and symbolic importance. Shields were used in combat but also in ceremony and performance, expressing identity, strength and connection to ancestors. Their carved or painted surfaces could create optical effects in motion, enhancing the presence and agility of the warrior.